When you start a new run (cycle), there is a large pillar with a glowing white center called Cthonos that is located by your ship, Helios. By depositing the required Ether, it provides you with a new Artifact or Consumable that you've never owned. This allows you to unlock new items without having to find them. Save up your Ether between cycles and pour it into Cthonos for new gear.